| University of Michigan Library | |
|---|---|
| Location | Ann Arbor, Michigan |
| Collection | |
| Size | 9.55 million volumes[1] |
| Website | http://lib.umich.edu/ |
The University of Michigan University Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is one of the largest university library systems in the United States. The system, consisting of 19 separate libraries in 11 buildings, altogether holds over 9.55 million volumes, with the collection growing at the rate of 177,000 volumes a year.[1]
UM was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics. The University Library recently initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google, and its recent partnership with Google to digitize its collection (known as Michigan Digitization Project or Mbooks) is both revolutionary and controversial.[2] As of August 31, 2006, UM has rolled out the first phase of the Google archive retrieval.[3]
Responding to restricted public funding and the rising costs of print materials, the Library has launched significant new scholarly communication ventures that use digital technology to provide cost-effective and permanent alternatives to traditional print publication. The University Library is also an educational organization in its own right, offering a full range of courses, resources, support, and training for students, faculty, and researchers.
Contents |
The first volume purchased by the library was John James Audubon's Birds of America, acquired in 1838 for $970. That same year, Asa Gray, known as the "father of American botany" and the first faculty member of the university, was entrusted with a $5,000 budget to establish the first collection of books for the University Library. His decision to purchase materials from a broad array of disciplines helped establish the University Library's ongoing commitment to depth and breadth in every field of study.
Before the first separate library building was opened in 1883, books were kept in various locations around campus, including the law school and in professor's homes. Within twelve years this facility was deemed inadequate and a fire hazard. After two additions, in 1920 an entirely new building, what is now known as the north building of the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and designed by the architect Albert Kahn, was completed. In 1970, an eight-story addition was built, where much of the print collections are housed, along with the Library's administration offices, the Map Library, Special Collections, and Papyrology. In 1959 the Shapiro Undergraduate Library was built, with a policy of open access to the stacks for students. In years to come the principle of access to materials would become the standard and goal for all libraries and initiatives.
The largest and most prominent of the University of Michigan Libraries is the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library, the primary research collection for the humanities and social sciences. It contains over 3.5 million volumes and over 10,000 periodicals written in more than 300 languages. Commonly cited collecting strengths of the Graduate Library include English and French history, papyrology, Germanic history and culture, classical archeology, military history, English Literature, social and political movements. In addition, these general stacks collections are supported by strong holdings in United States and foreign government documents, a significant collection of maps and cartographic materials, a comprehensive collection of publications written in East Asian languages, manuscripts and special collections, over 1.5 million items in microformat, and a strong collection of reference and bibliographic sources.[4]
The building is also the home of six other libraries:
The Hatcher Graduate Library is connected by a skyway to the Shapiro Library Building, which houses three libraries:
The University Library contains collections that support the university's museums. One collection is the Fine Arts Library, which serves students and faculty in the History of Art department, and supports the teaching, research, and curatorial functions of the University of Michigan Museum of Art and the Kelsey Museum of Archeology. The library maintains a collection of nearly 100,000 volumes along with many electronic resources in the history, theory, and criticism of the visual arts. Another such library is the Museums Library, located in the Ruthven Museums building. The Museums Library holds approximately 118,000 volumes in botany, zoology, behavioral biology, and archeological anthropology.
One of the largest medical libraries in America with comprehensive collections in all facets of health care and medical research, the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Library also has extensive online collections and is a member of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine, a gateway for access to over a thousand medical libraries nationwide. Taubman Medical Library has recently introduced the Clinical Librarian Service for the growing information needs of health professionals within the University of Michigan Health System who cannot easily leave their units, clinics or health centers. Taubman’s Rare Books Room houses approximately 6,300 titles dating from 1470 to the early 20th century, including 82 incunabula.
Other Central Campus libraries include the Social Work Library, whose collections focus on social work, social welfare administration, child welfare, gerontology, and psychotherapy. Another Central Campus library is the Public Health Library. This collection contains over 75,000 volumes in health services management, environmental and industrial health, maternal and children's health, population planning, community health, biostatistics, nutrition, international health and other related fields.
Two University Libraries are located on the UM North Campus: the Music Library and the Art, Architecture & Engineering Library. The Music Library is located on the third floor of the Earl V. Moore Music Building. The Music Library's collections feature extensive materials in performance, musicology, composition, theory, and dance. It also includes scores, serials, and sound and video recordings in many formats. The Art, Architecture & Engineering Library, located in the Duderstadt Center, features over 600,000 volumes, thousands of periodicals, and over 200 databases in the disciplines of art and design, architecture, engineering, and urban planning. The library has especially strong collections in early twentieth-century art and design, with many materials on the Bauhaus school, Le Corbusier, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright.
There are also several collections that are affiliated with the university, but are not part of the University Library system. Two historical libraries are the Bentley Historical Library and the William L. Clements Library. The former is home of the University of Michigan's archives as well as the Michigan Historical Collections, while the latter houses original resources for the study of American history and culture from the 15th to the early 20th century. The Clements Library is believed to be the first stand alone rare books collection at a public university.
Other libraries include the Law School Library, the Ronald and Deborah Freedman Library of the Population Studies Center, and the Transportation Research Institute Library. The last library is one of the world's most extensive collections of literature on traffic safety. There is also a large number of independent departmental libraries, as well as small libraries in many student dormitories.
The only off-campus library in the University of Michigan system is the Biological Station Library. Its collection consists of over 16,000 cataloged volumes and more than 50 paper journals.[5] It specializes in limnology, ornithology, ecology, systematics, taxonomy, and natural history. Located in Pellston, Michigan, near the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the University of Michigan Biological Station is dedicated to education and research in field biology and environmental science.
Not considered an independent library, but nevertheless a key facility for the entire U-M library system, the Buhr Remote Shelving Facility stores in a preservation-sensitive environment over two million items too fragile or rarely-used to be kept in the main libraries.
The University Library has traditionally defined its mission according to the rubrics of collecting, preserving, organizing, and distributing the fruits of scholarly inquiry. For the past decade or so, the Library has been exploring new venues for scholarly communication offered by the Internet. The economics of the publishing world and the difficult fiscal realities of operating a publicly funded research library have conspired to create a situation in which the status quo is impossible to maintain.[6] Library budgets are either cut or stagnant, while the costs of publishing in print form continue to rise.[7] Publicly funded research libraries like Michigan’s struggle—and in many cases fail—to keep up. Moreover, restrictive intellectual property laws often take the rights for a publication—whether a book or article—away from the author who has written it and the institutions that have subsidized their research.[8] Though it remains one of the top research libraries in the country, the University Library has been forced to make hard decisions about which journals and books to purchase, threatening the principles of comprehensive coverage and quick access to information that are the spurs to intellectual creativity.[9]
Responding to this challenge, the University Library has been exploring innovative publishing ventures that provide more economically viable means to disseminate scholarship. Harnessing the flexibility and relatively inexpensive resources of electronic publishing, largely developed at the University library by its Digital Library Production Service, the University Library has focused on providing cost-effective, sustainable, permanent, user-friendly, locally operated, and author-friendly intellectual property agreements to counter the opposite effects that the publishing industry has fostered and to offer new models for other, similar publishing ventures.
The Scholarly Publishing Office (SPO) is an innovative, library-based publishing enterprise, which responds to the crisis in traditional scholarly publication to provide economically sustainable publication alternatives.[10] Publishing a broad range of online and print books and journals, SPO provides publishers and authors a low-cost, flexible, robust, and efficient format to disseminate their work. SPO is also a leader in fostering discussion about the future of academic publication, and exploring new methods for creating highly functional online scholarly resources.
Recently SPO has spearheaded a collaboration with the University of Michigan Press called the Michigan Digital Publishing Initiative to explore the theory and practice of digital scholarly publishing.[11] This partnership extends SPO’s work in developing a model for press/library collaboration, expanding the University Library’s leading role in the development of digital resources, and encouraging a national dialogue about the future of scholarly communication.
Along with the Scholarly Publishing Office, Deep Blue is another University Library publishing start-up. Deep Blue provides access to the scholarly and creative work of the University of Michigan community. The primary goal of Deep Blue is to publish the work that makes Michigan such a rich intellectual environment. Using a free open source platform designed to preserve, catalogue, index, and distribute an institutional repository, Deep Blue is committed to persistent and accurate archiving of the output of U-M affiliated scholars.
One of Deep Blue's innovations is that it responds to the paradox that the rights to a publication are often not owned by the author or institution that has sponsored (and in many cases funded) the research. What this has meant is that university libraries find themselves in the ironic position of buying the books and articles that were written by its faculty and associated scholars. Deep Blue makes available online the scholarly work of U-M faculty that has long been difficult to find or locked behind restrictive subscription barriers.
Less than a year after its launch, an estimated 40,000 works have been added to Deep Blue. Michigan scholars can make Deep Blue their first stop for publishing, or use it to provide extended access to work that already has been published. Deep Blue also enables researchers to view supplementary materials, including images, drafts, video, data and other tools that enhance the value of a scholar’s work.
Since the early 1990s, the University of Michigan Library has been a leader among research libraries in efforts to digitize its vast collections. The Digital Library Production Service (DLPS) of the U-M Library oversees the digitization of Library materials, and the development of online access systems for these digitized materials. In furtherance of this goal, DLPS developed its own digital library software, called Digital Library Extension Service (DLXS), that provides a uniform interface for its digitized items. DLPS oversees the scanning and optical character recognition of about 5,000 texts per year, many of them rare, brittle, or delicate. It hosts the Dictionary of Old English Corpus and the Middle English Compendium, as well as the Making of America collection and many historical collections in mathematics, dentistry, transportation, and papyri.[12]
DLPS is also affiliated with the Text Creation Partnership (TCP) to create searchable, full-text versions of works digitized in the Early English Books Online, Evans Early American Imprints, and the Eighteenth Century Collection Online projects. TCP, when its work is concluded, will have produced over 40,000 XML-encoded text files—making it one of the largest collections of its kind.
In December 2004 the University Library and Google announced their plans to digitize the over 7 million print volumes held by the Library. Especially old and fragile items, or items in special collections, will not be handled by Google; these the Library will scan itself. It is estimated that it will take approximately six years for Google to complete the scanning process; without Google, the U-M Library was on pace to have their entire collection scanned in about 1000 years. All costs for the project are borne by Google, and the company has developed special scanning technology to ensure that the books are not damaged during the process. All books that are out of copyright will be available for the public to read online; those still in copyright will be searchable, but only brief excerpts will be available to read. Copyright holders, such as publishers and authors, who do not want their books to be scanned can request to have their works excluded from the project, though the Library and Google both maintain that authors and publishers benefit from having their works digitized, since it will make them easier to find and will potentially bring more sales.
Though the project has been revolutionary, it is not without controversy. In September 2005 a lawsuit was filed against Google charging copyright infringement. The lawsuit is still pending, but the scanning goes on.[2]
On June 6, 2007, twelve universities cooperating as the Committee on Institutional Cooperation[13] (CIC) announced a new partnership with Google whose explicit goal was to offer a public, shared digital repository of all the open access content.[14] That shared repository of library partners became HathiTrust.[15] The University of Michigan, which developed the MBooks platform for its own digitized books, partnered with Indiana University and the CIC libraries and the University of California system to create governance and models for financial support. The partnership has grown to include the New York Public Library, Columbia University, Yale, Penn State, Ohio State, Michigan State, Purdue, University of Virginia and many others.
The Digital Library Production Service (DLPS) is a department of the University Library.[16] It is responsible for digitizing parts of the library collection, and for digital library software called DLXS. DLPS Projects include:
Using a variety of metrics such as accessibility, materials expenditures, volumes held, and staff size, the Association for Research Libraries (ARL) has consistently ranked the UM library system among the top ten in the nation.[17] Although Michigan ranks 8th among academic libraries as to total volumes held, it ranks 1st for unique titles held among all institutions which report that statistic.
| Year | Volumes Held | Volumes Added Gross | Current Series | Total Expenditures | Total Staff | Investment Index Score | Investment Index Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 9,575,256 | 176,363 | 70,047 | $53,134,323 | 584 | 1.65 | 5 |
| 2008 | 9,175,102 | 146,729 | 69,457 | $51,599,110 | 570 | ** | 8 |
| 2007 | 8,414,070 | 157,552 | 71,788 | $50,591,407 | 585 | ** | 8 |
| 2006 | 8,273,050 | 176,998 | 134,446 | $49,053,402 | 574 | * | 8 |
| 2005 | 8,133,917 | 189,373 | 124,809 | $47,113,239 | 473 | 1.24 | 5 |
| 2004 | 7,958,145 | 171,154 | 67,554 | $46,737,671 | 475 | 0.98 | 8 |
| 2003 | 7,800,389 | 173,081 | 74,664 | $48,193,379 | 497 | 1.13 | 5 |
| 2002 | 7,643,203 | 182,670 | 69,218 | $43,357,616 | 514 | 1.05 | 6 |
| 2001 | 7,484,343 | 172,287 | 68,684 | $43,558,787 | 501 | 1.05 | 6 |
| 2000 | 7,348,360 | 179,392 | 68,798 | $41,368,972 | 459 | 1.06 | 6 |